Hydrocarbons are classified by C-C bonds: Alkanes (single, C$n$H${2n+2}$), Alkenes (double, C$n$H${2n}$), Alkynes (triple, C$n$H${2n-2}$). Arenes are cyclic and aromatic. This classification is fundamental for understanding reactivity.
Saturated hydrocarbons, like alkanes, contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as alkenes and alkynes, contain at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond, respectively.
For acyclic alkanes, the general formula is C$_n$H$_{2n+2}$. For acyclic alkenes (with one double bond), it's C$_n$H$_{2n}$. For acyclic alkynes (with one triple bond), it's C$_n$H$_{2n-2}$.
Arenes are a special class of cyclic, planar unsaturated hydrocarbons that exhibit aromaticity. This means they often follow Hückel's Rule (4n+2 π electrons) and have a delocalized system of π electrons, giving them unique stability and reactivity.
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